Complete guide to creating MySQL databases: CREATE DATABASE commands, utf8mb4 character set configuration, working with phpMyAdmin, backup procedures, and practical examples for various usage scenarios.
Complete guide to creating MySQL users and managing access permissions. Commands CREATE USER, GRANT, REVOKE, practical examples for different scenarios, and database security best practices.
Complete guide to the sed command for text editing from the Linux command line. Text replacement, line deletion, regular expressions, and practical examples for system administrators.
The name stands for "concatenate", meaning to join things together. But most people just use it to quickly view files in the terminal. Though it can do much more - create files, merge multiple documents into one, and plenty of other useful stuff.
Sometimes, a device on your network needs a permanent IP address — like when you’re setting up a server, a VPN, or a storage system. In this guide, we’ll walk you through how to assign a static IP in Ubuntu 22.04 using Netplan.
Sometimes you need to quickly figure out which process is running under a specific PID. In this guide, we’ll show you how to do that — but first, let’s briefly go over how processes work in Linux. Whenever you or the system launches a program, the Linux kernel creates a separate process for it. This process holds all the information about the program’s execution: variables, input/output, state, and more.
Since Linux is a multitasking system, it runs many processes at once. To keep things organized, each process is assigned a unique number — the PID (Process ID). Without it, managing tasks would be a mess.
Information about processes is stored in the /proc directory. Each running process has its own folder named after its PID.
In this article, we’ll break down how the shutdown, poweroff, halt, and reboot commands differ in Linux. We’ll look at what each command actually does and what options they offer. If you’re just getting started with Linux server administration, it’s important to get familiar with these commands — they’re essential for managing your system safely and reliably.
When you decide to set up your own mail server, the first thing that comes to mind is reliability. You need a tool that can handle the email traffic, won’t crash at the worst possible moment, and won’t trap you in endless complicated configurations. One such tool is Exim4.
Exim4 is not just another mail-sending program. It’s a reliable mail transfer agent (MTA) that can receive emails, route them to the right recipients, and send them further. It supports encryption, filtering, connection to external SMTP servers, direct mail reception, and custom processing according to your needs.
Why Exim? Because it’s flexible. You can tailor it for any task — whether it’s a small home server or a large mail service with thousands of users. The key is not to be afraid of the settings. And here we’ll show you how to configure it without unnecessary pain.
The Linux operating system is known for its security and flexibility, allowing users to configure the system to their needs. One of the useful features of Linux, as well as other Unix-like systems, is the support for multiple users.